Z_vh, Z_izh, ostali karakteristični kataloški parametro O.O.

nadomestni model idealnega in realnega O.O.

(-)   i-                  I-B                                ___   iizh
  o--->----o---------o---->----o---------.            .-----|___|-->--o
 +         |         |        _|_       _|_           |      Rizh      +
          .-.-      .-.      / . \     / . \ IOFF    / \
          | | u'd   | |     (  V  )   (  V  )----   / + \AUu'd
          |_|+      |_|      \_'_/IB   \_'_/  2     \ - /               uizh
          _|_        | R-s     |         |           \ /
ud       / + \       |         |         |            |                -
    UOFF(     )      o---------o---------o------------o---------------o
         \_-_/       |         |         |            |
          _|_        |        _|_       _|_          ===
     us  / + \      .-.      / . \IB   / . \ IOFF
    ----(     )     | |     (  A  )   (  V  )----
    CMRR \_-_/      |_|      \_'_/     \_'_/  2
 -         |         | R+s     |         |
  o--->----o---------o---->----o---------'
(+)   i+                  I+B

delitev O.O.